Mixed-Income TOD
The Center for TOD was funded by the FTA and the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development to examine the role of transit in helping to create and preserve housing affordability and mixed-income communities, the characteristics of households living near fixed-guideway transit, the interplay between housing and transportation costs, urban form and transit accessibility, the tools that are being used to promote mixed-income transit-supportive communities, and the roles that all levels of government (federal, state, region, municipal) can play.
Street Smart: Streetcars and Cities in the 21st Century
Reconnecting America’s Gloria Ohland and Shelley Poticha co-wrote and co-edited this richly illustrated book about streetcars and the tremendous private investment they help generate. There are case studies of the most robust new systems and the ways they’ve been used to leverage ambitious public goals like affordability and high-quality public space, and chapters on planning, financing and the more technical aspects of building a system, and also a history of streetcars as a public/private venture. This work was a partnership with APTA, the Community Streetcar Coalition, and corporate sponsors.
- Buy the book
- Table of Contents · PDF
- Chapter 1 · PDF
- Coverage in USA Today · PDF
- Press Release · PDF
Making the Case for Mixed-income TOD in the Denver Region
Mixed-income TOD has the potential to meaningfully address the growing affordability crisis in the Denver region. This report, which was commissioned by the Enterprise Community Partners of Denver, concludes that there is a growing demand for housing near transit, and a closing window of opportunity to develop it in a sustainable way with mixed-income housing.
TOD Typology and Strategic Plan for Denver
Denver is building 119 miles of rail and 70 new stations in six years, and the CTOD has helped develop a “TOD Typology” for the city and the county that categorizes stations according to seven ”types“ (downtown, urban neighborhood, commuter town center, etc.) and suggests a land use mix, scale, housing types, and station function for each type. CTOD has also helped draft a TOD strategic plan to prioritize planning and resources depending on the development potential of stations. The intent is to help provide certainty for communities and for developers.
- TOD Typology · HTML
- TOD Strategic Plan · PDF
Transit and Urban Form
Reconnecting America convened transportation and land use planners in Dallas in early 2006 to launch an effort to create performance standards and techniques resulting in better integration of transit and urban design. We continue to look for partners to help research best practices and develop case studies.
TOD, Transit, and the Private Sector, at Railvolution's TOD Marketplace
TOD is typically a complex public/private partnership. Reconnecting America organized the TOD Marketplace at Railvolution to help bridge the gap between the public and private sectors and provide a forum in which developers, investors, transit agencies, cities and communities can meet, greet and talk about the art of the deal.
- TOD Marketplace program, with bios and contact information for developers experienced in TOD and investors representing more than $10 billion in real estate investment funds · HTML
- Case studies of TOD opportunities in Lakewood, CO · PDF
- Case studies of TOD opportunities in Blue Island and New Lennox, IL, two suburbs of Chicago · PDF
TOD and Economic Development
Congress made ”economic development“ a funding criteria for the Federal Transit Administration’s New Starts/Small Starts funding programs, along with land use and cost effectiveness. But there has been a lack of consensus on how to measure and predict ”economic development“ and on how to implement it as a funding criteria. Reconnecting America commissioned several ”white papers“ on the topic for a forum in Washington D.C. on Dec. 5, 2006.
- Benefits of Rail Transit · PDF
- Chronology of Application of Land Use and Economic Development in New Starts Criteria by David Vozzolo, HDR · PDF
- Potential for the Incorporation of Economic Development Benefits in the Evaluation of Transit Investments – HDR/HLB Decision Economics · PDF
- Portland Streetcar Development Impacts PPT Presentation – David Brandman, Portland Metro · PDF
- Small Starts Federal Guidance · PDF
- Economic Development Criteria for Jobs – Strategic Economics · PDF
Federal Research Agenda on TOD and Economic Development
The Center for TOD is the only national nonprofit dedicated solely to providing best practices, research and technical assistance to support market-based TOD. We are funded to develop standards and definitions for TOD; guidance for transit system planning as well as performance criteria; models and techniques to help maximize ridership through planning and development near stations; and to provide research support and technical assistance to TOD practitioners.
Austin Streetcar
We’ve been working with Capital Metro to help communities in Austin understand the potential benefits of a streetcar, which would connect the University of Texas and the new Mueller Airport redevelopment to downtown and the new light rail commuter line.
CTOD National Transit System and Station Area Database
The Center for TOD created the first national database containing information about every fixed-guideway transit system and station in the U.S., the half-mile radius around all 3,971 stations, and the people who live in these transit zones. The information was integrated in GIS format with data from the 2000 U.S. Census and other sources to create a powerful database that makes it possible to find out who lives near transit, their income, travel behavior, car ownership and household type, as well as information about the density, land uses, block size and distance to the central business district.
TOD for Older Americans
Reconnecting America helped the AARP Board of Directors’ Consumer Committee draft a policy on transit-oriented development that was proposed to the full board. We took the committee on a tour of Portland, staged a focus group with seniors who live in TOD, and met with Portland luminaries and the residents of several TOD projects. If the proposed policy is accepted, we will develop a research and action agenda for AARP.
- Presentation by Shelley Poticha to AARP Committee · PowerPoint
- Pictures of AARP's tour of Portland · PowerPoint
TOD Policy for the San Francisco Bay Area Metropolitan Transportation Commission
The MTC’s TOD policy conditions the allocation of capital funds for transit projects on supportive land use by local governments, in recognition of the fact that people who live, work and play in close proximity to public transit are more likely to use it. The TOD policy addresses several public goals: to improve the cost-effectiveness of transit investments, to ease the Bay Areas chronic housing shortage, to create vibrant new communities, and to help preserve regional open space.
TOD Real Estate and Parking Policy for BART
The policy that the CTOD developed for BART (Bay Area Rapid Transit) in the San Francisco Bay Area provides substantially more flexibility in terms of replacement parking and partnerships with surrounding property owners.
Great Communities Collaborative, San Francisco Bay Area
Reconnecting America is one of many San Francisco Bay Area nonprofits, foundations and government agencies that have come together to form the Great Communities Collaborative. The Collaborative hopes to shape development in the Bay Area so that half of new homes built between now and 2030 are located in walkable communities near transit, jobs, shops and services, and are affordable for people of all incomes. Reconnecting America is serving in an advisory role and developing an online TOD Best Practices Clearinghouse.
Twin Cities TOD Toolkit
Reconnecting America has undertaken a three-year effort to educate regional decision-makers and communities about TOD. Educational information about the Hiawatha, Central, and North Star corridors is being developed to help provide a better understanding of how transit investments can be leveraged to create stronger communities and more transportation choices, to advance affordable housing and environmental goals, and to connect households with jobs. The McKnight Foundation is funding this effort.
Preserving and Promoting Diverse Transit-Oriented Neighborhoods
This report for the Ford Foundation is about the demand for housing near transit from low-income and very-low-income households, and the racial and economic diversity of households living within a half mile of transit. It describes the benefits of diversity and TOD to maintaining the health of neighborhoods and regions, and the policies that can be employed to meet the demand for transit-oriented housing.
Financing Strategy for the South Lake Union Streetcar
The Center for TOD inventoried creative financing strategies that have been employed to finance transportation infrastructure and development projects across the U.S. for Seattle Mayor Greg Nichols. The report also contained case studies of the strategies that were most applicable for Seattle’s new South Lake Union Streetcar.
Taking Stock of San Francisco Bay Area TOD
How successful have the first generation of San Francisco Bay Area TOD projects been? The project, in collaboration with the Metropolitan Transportation Commission and funded by Nelson/Nygaard, looks back over the last wave of TOD for do’s and don’ts for the future. The funding also covers a series of TOD trainings, including the TOD Marketplace event presented with ULI.
Hidden in Plain Sight: Capturing the Demand for Housing Near Transit
This study by the Center for Transit-Oriented Development shows that demographics and other trends will cause the potential demand for compact housing near transit to more than double by 2025. This means that more than 14.6 million households will be looking to rent or buy near transit, and meeting this demand would require building 2,100 residential units near each of the 3,971 stations in the U.S. today. The study was conducted for the Federal Transit Administration and ranks metro regions according to the development potential.
Technical Assistance Program
The Center for TOD provides technical assistance to cities, transit agencies and community groups who want to implement high-performance TOD in their regions. CTOD is providing technical assistance to groups in New York City, Philadelphia, Boston and Baltimore with the support of the Surdna Foundation. CTOD is helping with communications about TOD-related issues, providing case studies and research about successful TOD projects in diverse mixed-income and low-income neighborhoods, and helping to develop mixed-income strategies for particular neighborhoods. This technical assistance will soon be supplemented with CTOD-initiated research that will result in broadly applicable materials.
The Affordability Index: A New Tool for Measuring the True Affordability of A Housing Choice
Researchers have long known that affordability is not just about the cost of housing but also the cost of transportation. The affordability Index is a tool developed by the Center for TOD to quantify the combined cost and was built using data sets that are available for every transit-served community in the U.S. This work was funded by the Brookings Institution’s Urban Markets Initiative.
CTOD is developing an interactive version of The Affordability Index that will be available on-line in late spring 2007. Information will be provided to allow a comparison of the combined housing and transportation affordability, at the census tract level, for the 50 largest metropolitan areas.
- The Housing and Transportation Affordability Index · PDF
- CNT Paper prepared for the Center for Housing Policy (includes a list of cities where the affordability index has been modeled) · HTML
- Center for Housing Policy report, "A Heavy Load: The Combined Housing and Transportation Burden of Working Families" · PDF
Working with Cities Along the Proposed Gold Line Extension in SoCal
Reconnecting America is working with the IBI Group to assess the development potential of 12 stations along the proposed extension of the Gold Line from Pasadena to Pomona in Southern California, and to develop station area plans. Reconnecting America took elected officials and planners from cities along the proposed extension on a tour of TOD in Portland and will tour other cities soon.

